03/12/2012 12:30 PM Senate JUDICIARY
| Audio | Topic |
|---|---|
| Start | |
| SB151 | |
| SB180 | |
| Adjourn |
+ teleconferenced
= bill was previously heard/scheduled
| + | SB 151 | TELECONFERENCED | |
| + | SB 180 | TELECONFERENCED | |
| + | TELECONFERENCED |
ALASKA STATE LEGISLATURE
SENATE JUDICIARY STANDING COMMITTEE
March 12, 2012
12:32 p.m.
MEMBERS PRESENT
Senator Hollis French, Chair
Senator Bill Wielechowski, Vice Chair
Senator Joe Paskvan
Senator John Coghill
MEMBERS ABSENT
Senator Lesil McGuire
COMMITTEE CALENDAR
SENATE BILL NO. 151
"An Act relating to mitigation at sentencing in a criminal case
for a defendant found by the court to have been affected by a
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder."
- HEARD & HELD
SENATE BILL NO. 180
"An Act directing the Department of Transportation and Public
Facilities to develop and implement standards and operating
procedures allowing for the use in the construction and
maintenance of transportation projects and public facilities and
in the construction of projects by public and private entities
of gravel or aggregate materials that contain a limited amount
of naturally occurring asbestos, and authorizing use on an
interim basis of those materials for certain transportation
projects and public facilities; relating to certain claims
arising out of or in connection with the use of gravel or
aggregate materials containing a limited amount of naturally
occurring asbestos; and providing for an effective date."
- HEARD & HELD
PREVIOUS COMMITTEE ACTION
BILL: SB 151
SHORT TITLE: FETAL ALCOHOL SPEC. DISORDER AS MITIGATOR
SPONSOR(s): SENATOR(s) MEYER
01/17/12 (S) PREFILE RELEASED 1/13/12
01/17/12 (S) READ THE FIRST TIME - REFERRALS
01/17/12 (S) HSS, JUD
03/05/12 (S) HSS AT 1:30 PM BUTROVICH 205
03/05/12 (S) Moved CSSB 151(HSS) Out of Committee
03/05/12 (S) MINUTE(HSS)
03/06/12 (S) HSS RPT CS 4DP NEW TITLE
03/06/12 (S) DP: DAVIS, DYSON, MEYER, EGAN
03/12/12 (S) JUD AT 12:30 AM BELTZ 105 (TSBldg)
BILL: SB 180
SHORT TITLE: NATURALLY OCCURRING ASBESTOS IN GRAVEL
SPONSOR(s): SENATOR(s) OLSON
01/27/12 (S) READ THE FIRST TIME - REFERRALS
01/27/12 (S) TRA, JUD
02/23/12 (S) TRA AT 1:00 PM BUTROVICH 205
02/23/12 (S) Moved CSSB 180(TRA) Out of Committee
02/23/12 (S) MINUTE(TRA)
02/24/12 (S) TRA RPT CS 3DP NEW TITLE
02/24/12 (S) DP: KOOKESH, MENARD, THOMAS
02/24/12 (S) FIN REFERRAL ADDED AFTER JUD
03/12/12 (S) JUD AT 12:30 AM BELTZ 105 (TSBldg)
WITNESS REGISTER
SENATOR KEVIN MEYER
Alaska State Legislature
Juneau, AK
POSITION STATEMENT: Sponsor of SB 151.
CHRISTINE MARASIGAN, Staff
Senator Kevin Meyer
Alaska State Legislature
Juneau, AK
POSITION STATEMENT: Provided information on SB 151 on behalf of
the sponsor.
JUDGE MICHAEL JEFFERY, representing himself
Barrow, AK
POSITION STATEMENT: Testified in support of SB 151.
VICKY TINKER, Team Coordinator
Kenai Peninsula FASD Diagnostic Program
Kenai, AK
POSITION STATEMENT: Testified in support of SB 151.
KATE BURKHART, Executive Director
Alaska Mental Health Board and
Advisory Board on Alcoholism and Drug Abuse
Juneau, AK
POSITION STATEMENT: Testified in support of SB 151.
RICK IANNOLINO, representing himself
Juneau, AK
POSITION STATEMENT: Testified in support of SB 151.
MARGARET VROLYK, Parent Navigator
Juneau FASD Diagnostic Clinic
Juneau, AK
POSITION STATEMENT: Testified in support of SB 151.
DAVID SCOTT, Staff
Senator Donny Olson
Alaska State Legislature
Juneau, AK
POSITION STATEMENT: Introduced SB 180 on behalf of the sponsor.
DOCTOR JOE MCLAUGHLIN, State Epidemiologist
Department of Health and Social Services (DHSS)
Anchorage, AK
POSITION STATEMENT: Testified on SB 180 and provided information
on the human health risks associated with exposure to airborne
asbestos.
ACTION NARRATIVE
12:32:22 PM
CHAIR HOLLIS FRENCH called the Senate Judiciary Standing
Committee meeting to order at 12:32 p.m. Present at the call to
order were Senators Wielechowski, Paskvan, and Chair French.
Senator Coghill arrived soon thereafter.
SB 151-FETAL ALCOHOL SPEC. DISORDER AS MITIGATOR
12:32:39 PM
CHAIR FRENCH announced the consideration of SB 151, "An Act
relating to mitigation at sentencing in a criminal case for a
defendant found by the court to have been affected by a fetal
alcohol spectrum disorder." He asked for a motion to adopt the
proposed committee substitute (CS).
SENATOR WIELECHOWSKI moved to adopt the proposed CS for SB 151,
labeled 27-LS1132\O, as the working document.
CHAIR FRENCH announced that without objection, version O was
before the committee.
SENATOR COGHILL joined the committee.
12:32:59 PM
SENATOR KEVIN MEYER, sponsor of SB 151, explained that the bill
would specifically include Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
(FASD) in the state's existing definition of "mental disease or
defect" and as a mitigating factor in sentencing. He cautioned
that the intent was not to appear soft on crime, but to allow
for more appropriate sentencing for people who suffer from this
disability. This dovetails with Chief Justice Carpeneti's recent
speech to the Legislature that emphasized flexibility in
sentencing.
SENATOR MEYER said flexibility is particularly important when a
judge considers sentencing for a person with a spectrum
disorder. Alaska has the highest rate of FASD in the nation, and
according to the experts at the Alaska FASD Partnership, people
with FASD are disproportionately represented within the criminal
justice system. He spoke of his motivation to do more to prevent
this very preventable disability.
12:36:43 PM
CHAIR FRENCH asked if the mitigater in paragraph (18), page 3,
lines 12-16, had been used in FASD cases, and if it was used why
wasn't it working.
SENATOR MEYER said part of the reason for bringing the bill
forward was that paragraph (18) has produced inconsistent
results from judges. Some say FASD is included while others say
it is not implicitly defined.
12:37:41 PM
CHRISTINE MARASIGAN, staff to Senator Kevin Meyer, confirmed
that interpretation of that section was inconsistent, and
suggested that Judge Jeffry could address the question more
thoroughly. She also pointed out that the sponsor deferred to
the Department of Law (DOL) and other FASD advocates and removed
from version O the section that included "impaired brain
function" in the definition of "mental disease or defect." That
also accounts for the expanded definition at the end of the
bill.
CHAIR FRENCH asked who would make the diagnosis that a defendant
is affected by FASD.
SENATOR MEYER directed attention to page 3, line 30. It says a
determination is made by a neuropsychological examination.
CHAIR FRENCH asked if a medical doctor would make the diagnosis.
SENATOR MEYER said yes.
CHAIR FRENCH opened public testimony.
12:40:41 PM
JUDGE MICHAEL JEFFERY, representing himself, Barrow, AK, relayed
his personal experience to illustrate that the mitigater in
existing law was not adequate for use in FASD cases. In 1990, he
accepted a non-statutory mitigating factor for a FASD condition,
and a three-judge panel sent it back saying he could not use it
because the Legislature spoke and the mental disease or defect
did not fit that condition. He was therefore required to impose
the presumptive term. He emphasized the importance of this
legislation.
Addressing the question of who does the diagnosis, he said it is
appropriate that a medical doctor makes the diagnosis, but
requiring that specialty designation would be a big limitation.
Many people who have a professional FASD diagnosis would not fit
within that definition. He continued to say that this was all
about smart justice. If it can be shown by clear and convincing
evidence that the defendant has the condition and it
significantly affected his or her conduct, a judge could use
discretion and potentially adjust the presumptive term downward.
JUDGE JEFFERY said he was pleased that version O provides more
flexibility by eliminating the prohibition on the mitigater
being applicable to anyone with an assaultive offense.
12:45:02 PM
CHAIR FRENCH asked how prevalent FASD was among defendants who
appear in his court.
JUDGE JEFFERY said it was unusual for a defendant to have a
medical diagnosis, and it was very difficult to identify FASD
without one. A defendant who has a FASD diagnosis most probably
received it earlier when he or she was in the child welfare
system or the juvenile justice system. He relayed his belief
that a significant percentage of the people that appear before
him are affected to some degree and he accommodates that by
slowing things down and asking more questions.
12:48:16 PM
SENATOR COGHILL asked about the balance between this mitigater,
public safety, and responsibility for one's actions.
JUDGE JEFFERY explained that there is not an automatic reduction
of sentence and the criminal justice system will continue to
hold people responsible for their actions. A person who presents
a danger to the public won't be rehabilitated in the community,
and a person who is released under treatment and commits another
offense will be returned to jail.
12:50:58 PM
VICKY TINKER, Team Coordinator, Kenai Peninsula FASD Diagnostic
Program, Kenai, AK, introduced herself.
CHAIR FRENCH asked Ms. Tinker her perspective of what it would
take to put FASD evidence in front of a court.
MS. TINKER explained that in Alaska a physician makes the final
diagnosis after getting input from a psychologist, a speech
therapist, and sometimes an occupational therapist, all of which
are part of a diagnostic team. She agreed that the current
language "as determined by a neuropsychological examination"
could be problematic. Not all the teams have a psychologist with
that particular specialty and a neuropsychologist does not make
the final diagnosis.
CHAIR FRENCH summarized her points.
MS. TINKER added that the medical provider on the team can be a
mid-level practitioner such as a nurse practitioner or physician
assistant, but it would be unusual for either to make the
official diagnosis alone.
12:53:20 PM
CHAIR FRENCH said he would not feel comfortable having anyone
but a medical doctor make the final diagnosis.
MS. TINKER said in cases when a physician [assistant] or nurse
practitioner makes the final medical diagnosis, they are also
using information from the other providers on the team. It is
not an independent diagnosis.
CHAIR FRENCH said the committee would work with the sponsor on
that language.
12:54:14 PM
SENATOR COGHILL asked the number of diagnostic teams statewide.
MS. TINKER estimated there were eight or nine.
SENATOR COGHILL asked if the court could access these teams
easily or if they were ad hoc.
MS. TINKER replied the court can easily draw upon them, and a
team in one area can fill needs in another area that does not
have one.
12:55:04 PM
SENATOR PASKVAN asked what type of examination she would
recommend if it would be too narrow to require a
neuropsychological examination.
MS. TINKER suggested it would be safe to say, "as determined by
a physician or a diagnostic team."
CHAIR FRENCH asked if it would be too narrow to say, "as
determined by a physician."
MS. TINKER said yes, and provided an example. The medical
provider on the diagnostic team associated with Assets, Inc. in
Anchorage is probably more knowledgeable about FASD than most
physicians, and that person is an advanced nurse practitioner.
CHAIR FRENCH asked if there was a definition in law for
"diagnostic team."
MS. TINKER said no. She said she believes that by law, a medical
provider makes the diagnosis, but the gold standard for
diagnosis is the University of Washington model. That is what
Alaska uses.
SENATOR PASKVAN asked if there was information in the packet
about the University of Washington model, because it probably
addresses the physician's participation in the team process.
CHAIR FRENCH noted that someone in the audience indicated they
could talk about that.
SENATOR COGHILL said he would like more information on the range
of the disorder because he suspects the ability to respond
accountably will be a factor for the court to consider.
MS. TINKER said on one end of the spectrum a person may be able
to function in society and not break rules, whereas someone on
the other end may have so little control over their behavior and
decision-making that they need to be institutionalized. However,
even someone who is lightly impaired may have difficulty
controlling their impulses and connecting consequences to their
actions.
SENATOR COGHILL said he was looking at ways for the judge to be
as informed as possible.
1:00:50 PM
KATE BURKHART, Executive Director, Alaska Mental Health Board
and Advisory Board on Alcoholism and Drug Abuse, testified in
support of SB 151. She stated that the FASD population in Alaska
is disproportionately represented in the corrections and
criminal justice systems, and SB 151 provides an opportunity to
embrace Chief Justice Carpeneti's call for smart justice. It
looks first to alternative sentences and punishments that both
protect the public and rehabilitate the perpetrator. She
reiterated Judge Jeffery's comments that dangerous persons will
not be rehabilitated in the community. Rather, SB 151 affords
judges the discretion to balance public safety and community
rehabilitation.
MS. BURKHART echoed the concerns about the neuropsychological
examination limitation and suggested saying, "a physician or
University of Washington credentialed FASD diagnostic team."
That would probably address the concerns about the level of
experience and expertise of the person making the diagnosis and
would reflect the actualities of what Alaska's diagnostic teams
do. She directed attention to paragraph (18) on page 3 and
suggested revising the language to say that the mitigater could
be applied in crimes against a person except for repeat
felonies. That balances the opportunity to be smart and flexible
to potentially break the cycle of recidivism for someone
diagnosed with FASD.
1:06:33 PM
RICK IANNOLINO, representing himself, said he was the
coordinator of the Juneau FASD Diagnostic Clinic. He described
the physical aspects that are considered in diagnosing FASD and
said it should not be a problem that a non-physician medical
person does these exams because that has been the practice for
many years. Addressing the concern about the neuropsychological
examination, he said a neuropsychologist is not a required
member of the team under the University of Washington diagnostic
team certification. He discussed the wide range of tests
performed by each of the team members. The psychologist looks at
the brain functions, the speech and language pathologist looks
at receptive communication, the occupational therapist looks at
everyday activities and the physical therapist looks at the
large muscle functions.
Responding to a series of questions from the Chair, he explained
that the FASD provider agreement requires each team to have a
physician, a psychologist, an occupational therapist or a
physical therapist or a speech and language pathologist, and a
parent navigator. As coordinator, he does not assist in
rendering the diagnosis, but he ensures the professionals are
appropriate for the client. The Juneau team sees about 24
clients in a year.
1:13:07 PM
SENATOR COGHILL asked if a person with FASD could experience
cognitive growth.
MR. IANNOLINO replied someone with FASD may be able to
accommodate other ways of learning, but the brain damage is
permanent.
SENATOR PASKVAN asked if the credentialing is affected if one of
the volunteer members withdraws.
MR. IANNOLINO responded that the Juneau team is the exception;
most teams do not rely on volunteers.
SENATOR PASKVAN asked how many credentialed team members would
be qualified to present this as a mitigater at a criminal
proceeding.
MR. IANNOLINO said most people come to the clinic because they
are having severe problems at school, with their families, or
with the law.
1:16:52 PM
CHAIR FRENCH asked if many of the people who arrive at the
clinic have pending criminal cases.
MR. IANNOLINO said yes.
CHAIR FRENCH asked if they are seeking a diagnosis for court
purposes or if a variety of issues has driven them to the
clinic.
MR. IANNOLINO said they are trying to live and inadvertently
make poor decisions.
1:18:11 PM
MARGARET VROLYK, Parent Navigator, Juneau FASD Diagnostic
Clinic, testified in support of SB 151. She spoke of her
experience as a parent of a son with FASD and voiced concern
with the exception in paragraph (18) on page 3. It is very easy
for someone with FASD to become a felon by association, she
said.
1:20:53 PM
CHAIR FRENCH held SB 151 in committee.
SB 180-NATURALLY OCCURRING ASBESTOS IN GRAVEL
1:21:04 PM
CHAIR FRENCH announced the consideration of SB 180 and asked for
a motion to adopt the work draft committee substitute (CS).
1:21:41 PM
SENATOR WIELECHOWSKI moved to adopt the proposed CS for SB 180,
labeled 27-LS1219\D, as the working document.
CHAIR FRENCH announced that without objection, version D was
before the committee.
DAVID SCOTT, staff to Senator Donny Olson, introduced SB 180 on
behalf of the sponsor. He explained that the bill regulates the
use of gravel that contains naturally occurring asbestos (NOA).
This gravel is used primarily for transportation projects and is
very prevalent in certain areas throughout the state. Since NOA
was found in the gravel in the Ambler area of the upper Kobuk
Valley, all construction has stopped.
CHAIR FRENCH asked when it came to light that gravel in the
Ambler area contained NOA.
MR. SCOTT estimated it was in early 2000, and confirmed that
construction projects have been on hold since then. Continuing
the introduction, he explained that the bill offers liability
immunity to the state and contractors that follow the standard
operating procedures of the state.
1:24:21 PM
CHAIR FRENCH observed that the immunity would be to hold anyone
harmless for what may be deleterious health effects of exposure
to naturally occurring asbestos.
MR. SCOTT reiterated that the immunity was dependent on
following the established procedure. Anyone who does not follow
the procedure or decides to use gravel that contains NOA without
getting plan approval from the Department of Transportation and
Public Facilities (DOTPF) would be liable for any civil action
brought forward.
CHAIR FRENCH asked if naturally occurring asbestos presents the
same health issues as asbestos that has been used in paint and
insulation.
MR. SCOTT deferred the question to representatives from the
Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC), the Department
of Health and Social Services (DHSS) or Department of
Transportation and Public Facilities (DOTPF). He noted that the
bill defines naturally occurring asbestos as ["asbestos-
containing material that has not been processed in an asbestos
mill."]
1:26:08 PM
CHAIR FRENCH asked if NOA occurs in gravel in areas other than
the Ambler region.
MR. SCOTT answered yes; it is found throughout the state and is
prevalent in areas that have concentrations of jade.
1:26:52 PM
DOCTOR JOE MCLAUGHLIN, state epidemiologist, Department of
Health and Social Services (DHSS), stated that the concern with
asbestos is that it is hazardous to humans in any form, and can
cause lung cancer, mesothelioma, and non-malignant lung
conditions such as asbestosis. Naturally occurring asbestos does
not present a health threat if it is not disturbed, but if
natural weathering or human disturbance breaks the NOA into
microscopic fibers it can readily become airborne and inhaled.
That is cause for concern. In general, longer, thinner fibers
are more toxic and irritating to the alveoli. The good news for
Ambler is that the type of asbestos found there is considered
the least toxic of the six major asbestos fibers. However, it is
not non-toxic.
1:28:44 PM
SENATOR PASKVAN asked if it is an issue to dig the gravel and
put it on a roadway that would be subject to wear and natural
erosion.
DR. MCLAUGHLIN said yes; health concerns are the reason that
projects in the Ambler area have languished.
1:29:29 PM
SENATOR WIELECHOWSKI asked if there was any safe level of
asbestos exposure.
DR. MCLAUGHLIN said no; from a human health standpoint, there is
no save level of airborne exposure to asbestos. The U.S. Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), and all health departments in the
country have raised this concern.
SENATOR WIELECHOWSKI asked the typical latency period for
getting asbestosis, mesothelioma or other asbestos-related
diseases.
DR. MCLAUGHLIN replied most asbestos-related diseases occur 10-
40 years after the first exposure.
SENATOR WIELECHOWSKI mentioned the immunity provided in the
bill, and asked if there would be a risk of airborne asbestos
from NOA containing gravel that is been used on a roadbed.
DR. MCLAUGHLIN replied there is always a risk when naturally
occurring asbestos is airborne. He offered his understanding
that the bill seeks to establish an analytic threshold for
detection of NOA in gravel, modeling the California law that
says that gravel that contains less than .25 percent NOA can be
used for surfacing roads. He described the process and
calculations for determining the analytical detection limit. If
a fiber of asbestos is found in one of 400 point observations,
that calculates to .25 percent of naturally occurring asbestos
in that substrate [1/400 X 100] and the gravel cannot be used.
If no fibers are detected, the level of NOA is below the
analytical threshold level and the gravel can be used.
CHAIR FRENCH asked what percent of asbestos occurs in the gravel
in the Ambler area.
DR. MCLAUGHLIN said it depends on the site tested, but the
concentrations range from greater than or equal to 10 percent to
less than 1 percent. He noted that he did not have the data from
the most recent DOTPF tests.
CHAIR FRENCH asked if any process could separate even some
asbestos from the gravel.
DR. MCLAUGHLIN deferred to DOTPF.
1:34:30 PM
CHAIR FRENCH asked if the California standard presupposes the
use of gravel containing NOA in pavement or for all purposes.
DR. MCLAUGHLIN offered to send a copy of the ATCM for Surfacing
Applications, the California document that lists exemptions. One
is that NOA containing gravel may be used on unpaved roads in
rural areas where an alternative is not available.
SENATOR WIELECHOWSKI asked if the federal limit for using gravel
containing NOA was similar to .25 percent, and the type of
safety gear workers would need to wear.
DR. MCLAUGHLIN said the federal agencies have not established a
safe threshold for exposure to naturally occurring asbestos so
it is a zero threshold toxin from the human health standpoint.
However, the federal government does regulate the use of
asbestos to protect human health. He described specific
regulations and guidelines in detail.
1:38:20 PM
CHAIR FRENCH announced that he would hold SB 180 in committee.
1:38:46 PM
There being no further business to come before the committee,
Chair French adjourned the meeting at 1:38.
| Document Name | Date/Time | Subjects |
|---|---|---|
| SB151 Fiscal Note.pdf |
HJUD 4/6/2012 1:00:00 PM SHSS 3/5/2012 1:30:00 PM SJUD 3/12/2012 12:30:00 PM |
SB 151 |
| SB151 Fiscal Note2.pdf |
HJUD 4/6/2012 1:00:00 PM SHSS 3/5/2012 1:30:00 PM SJUD 3/12/2012 12:30:00 PM |
SB 151 |
| SB 151 Sponsor Statement.pdf |
HJUD 4/6/2012 1:00:00 PM SHSS 3/5/2012 1:30:00 PM SJUD 3/12/2012 12:30:00 PM |
SB 151 |
| SB151 Fiscal Note 3.pdf |
HJUD 4/6/2012 1:00:00 PM SHSS 3/5/2012 1:30:00 PM SJUD 3/12/2012 12:30:00 PM |
SB 151 |
| SB151 Fiscal Note 4.pdf |
HJUD 4/6/2012 1:00:00 PM SHSS 3/5/2012 1:30:00 PM SJUD 3/12/2012 12:30:00 PM |
SB 151 |
| SB151-Fiscal Note 5.pdf |
HJUD 4/6/2012 1:00:00 PM SHSS 3/5/2012 1:30:00 PM SJUD 3/12/2012 12:30:00 PM |
SB 151 |
| SB 151-Letter of Support-Trust.pdf |
SHSS 3/5/2012 1:30:00 PM SJUD 3/12/2012 12:30:00 PM |
SB 151 |
| SB 151-Letter of Support-AMHB-ABADA.pdf |
SHSS 3/5/2012 1:30:00 PM SJUD 3/12/2012 12:30:00 PM |
SB 151 |
| SB 151 Letter of Support FASD Partnership.pdf |
HJUD 4/6/2012 1:00:00 PM SHSS 3/5/2012 1:30:00 PM SJUD 3/12/2012 12:30:00 PM |
SB 151 |
| SB 151 Letter of Support Disability Law Center.pdf |
SHSS 3/5/2012 1:30:00 PM SJUD 3/12/2012 12:30:00 PM |
SB 151 |
| SB 180 Sponsor Statement.docx |
SJUD 3/12/2012 12:30:00 PM |
SB 180 |
| SB 180 version B.pdf |
SJUD 3/12/2012 12:30:00 PM |
SB 180 |
| SB 180 Sectional Analysis Version B.PDF |
SJUD 3/12/2012 12:30:00 PM |
SB 180 |
| SB 180 Support.pdf |
SJUD 3/12/2012 12:30:00 PM |
SB 180 |
| SB 180 INE study.pdf |
SJUD 3/12/2012 12:30:00 PM |
SB 180 |
| SB 180 - Ambler delay.PDF |
SJUD 3/12/2012 12:30:00 PM |
SB 180 |
| SB 180 - Ambler projects on hold.docx |
SJUD 3/12/2012 12:30:00 PM |
SB 180 |
| SB 180 - vD.PDF |
SJUD 3/12/2012 12:30:00 PM |
SB 180 |
| SB 180 version D - explanation of changes.docx |
SJUD 3/12/2012 12:30:00 PM |
SB 180 |
| CSSB 151 Bill Text Draft vO.pdf |
SJUD 3/12/2012 12:30:00 PM |
SB 151 |